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traction wheels

Толкование Перевод

1 traction

traction ['trækʃən]

noun

(a) Technology traction f;

∎ electric/steam traction traction f électrique/à vapeur;

(b) Medicine

∎ to be in traction être en extension;

∎ traction of the tongue (artificial respiration) tractions fpl rythmées de la langue

►► traction cable câble m tracteur;

Cars traction control contrôle m de traction;

traction engine locomotive f;

Medicine traction splint attelle f d'extension;

traction wheels roues fpl motrices

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > traction
2 traction

noun, no pl., no indef. art.

1) (drawing along) Traktion, die (fachspr.); Ziehen, das

2) (grip of tyre etc.) Haftung, die

3) (Med.) Zug, der

in traction — im Zug- od. Streckverband

* * *

trac·tion

[ˈtrækʃ^ən]

n no pl

1. of car, wheels Bodenhaftung f

to lose \traction Bodenhaftung f verlieren

2. MECH (pulling) Antrieb m

electric \traction Elektroantrieb m

3. (medical treatment) Strecken nt

to be in [or on] \traction im Streckverband liegen

* * *
['trkSən]
n
Zugkraft f, Ziehkraft f, Zugleistung f; (MOT = drive) Antrieb m; (of wheels) Bodenhaftung f; (MED) Streckverband m
in traction — im Streckverband

diesel traction — Dieselantrieb m

* * *

traction [ˈtrækʃn] s

1. Ziehen n

2. PHYS, TECH Traktion f:

a) Zug m:

traction engine Zugmaschine f

b) Zugkraft f, -leistung f

3. PHYS, TECH Reibungsdruck m

4. AUTO

a) Griffigkeit f (der Reifen)

b) auch traction of the road Bodenhaftung f

5. a) Fortbewegung f

b) Transport m, Beförderung f:

interurban traction US Städtenahverkehr m

6. PHYSIOL Zusammenziehung f (von Muskeln)

7. MED Streckung f:

traction bandage Streckverband m;

in (high) traction im Streckverband

8. Anziehung(skraft) f (auch fig)

* * *

noun, no pl., no indef. art.

1) (drawing along) Traktion, die (fachspr.); Ziehen, das

2) (grip of tyre etc.) Haftung, die

3) (Med.) Zug, der

in traction — im Zug- od. Streckverband

* * *

n.

Beförderung f.

Transport m.

Ziehen n.

Zug ¨-e m.

English-german dictionary > traction
3 traction

trac·tion [ʼtrækʃ^ən] n

no pl

1) of car, wheels Bodenhaftung f;

to lose \traction Bodenhaftung f verlieren

2) mech ( pulling) Antrieb m;

electric \traction Elektroantrieb m

3) ( medical treatment) Strecken nt;

to be in [or on] \traction im Streckverband liegen

English-German students dictionary > traction
4 traction

< railw> ■ Fahrantrieb m

< vhcl> (between wheels and road/rail) ■ Traktion f ; Zugkraft f ; Zugkraftübertragung f

English-german technical dictionary > traction
5 lose traction

Автомобильный термин: занести (Her front wheels began to lose traction and she panicked. - занесло передними колесами)

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > lose traction
6 moteur

moteur, -trice [mɔtœʀ, tʀis]

1. masculine noun

a. ( = appareil) engine ; (électrique) motor

• à moteur power-driven

• moteur ! (Cinema) action!

• moteur de recherche search engine

b. ( = force) mover

• être le moteur de qch to be the driving force behind sth

2. adjective

[muscle, nerf, troubles] motor

• force motrice driving force

* * *

1.

- trice mɔtœʀ, tʀis adjectif

1) [force, principe] driving (épith)

être l'élément moteur de quelque chose — to be the driving force behind something

jouer un rôle moteur dans — to play a dynamic role in

la voiture a quatre roues motrices — the car has four-wheel drive

les roues motrices sont à l'avant — it's a front-wheel drive (car)

2) [trouble, fibre] motor (épith)

2.

nom masculin

1) lit ( électrique) motor; ( autre) engine

un véhicule à moteur — a motor vehicle

2) fig driving force

être le moteur de quelque chose — to be the driving force behind something

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- moteur de recherche

* * *
mɔtœʀ, tʀis (-trice)
1. adj

1) ANATOMIE, PHYSIOLOGIE motor

2) TECHNIQUE, AUTOMOBILES driving

à 4 roues motrices — 4-wheel drive

3) fig (rôle) dynamic

2. nm

1) [véhicule, turbine] engine, [appareil] motor

à moteur — power-driven, motor modif

moteur électrique — electric motor

un bateau à moteur — a motor boat

2) fig, [entreprise, relation] prime mover

* * *

moteur, - trice

A adj

1 ( qui entraîne) [force, principe] driving ( épith); être l'élément moteur de qch to be the driving force behind sth; jouer un rôle moteur dans to play a dynamic role in; la voiture a quatre roues motrices the car has four-wheel drive; les roues motrices sont à l'avant it's a front-wheel drive (car); les roues motrices sont ensablées the traction wheels are stuck in the sand;

2 Méd, Physiol [trouble, aphasie, fibre] motor ( épith).

B nm

1 lit ( électrique) motor; ( autre) engine; voiture avec moteur (à l')arrière/(à l')avant car with an engine at the back/in front; le moteur développe or fait 500 cv the engine is 500 hp; un moteur (de) 8 cylindres an 8-cylinder engine; un véhicule à moteur a motor vehicle; un moteur (à) 4 temps a 4-stroke engine; un moteur (de) 2 litres a 2-litre^GB engine; un moteur poussé or gonflé○ a souped-up engine; une voiture avec le moteur en marche a car with the engine running;

2 fig driving force; être le moteur de qch [personne, motif] to be the driving force behind sth.

C excl Cin action!

D motrice nf Rail (locomotive) engine.

Composés

moteur d'appoint booster; moteur asynchrone asynchronous motor; moteur atmosphérique atmospheric engine; moteur à combustion interne internal combustion engine; moteur diesel diesel engine; moteur électrique electric motor; moteur à explosion internal combustion engine; moteur hydraulique hydraulic engine; moteur à injection fuel injection engine; moteur ionique ion engine; moteur à réaction jet engine; moteur de recherche search engine; moteur rotatif rotary engine; moteur synchrone synchronous motor; moteur turbo turbo engine; moteur à vapeur steam engine.

( féminin motrice) [mɔtɶr, tris] adjectif

1. MÉCANIQUE [force] driving, motive

voiture à quatre roues motrices four-wheel drive car

2. ANATOMIE [nerf, neurone, muscle] motor (modificateur)

————————

nom masculin

1. MÉCANIQUE engine

moteur électrique (electric) motor

moteur à allumage commandé ou à explosion internal combustion engine

moteur à deux/quatre temps two-/four-stroke engine

moteur à essence/vapeur petrol/steam engine

moteur à combustion combustion engine

moteur Diesel diesel engine

moteur à injection fuel injection engine

moteur à réaction jet engine

2. [cause] mainspring, driving force

être le moteur de quelque chose to be the driving force behind something

3. CINÉMA

moteur! action!

4. INFORMATIQUE

moteur de recherche search engine

————————

motrice nom féminin

locomotive (engine)

————————

à moteur locution adjectivale

power-driven, motor (modificateur)

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > moteur
7 pull

pull [pʊl]

fait de tirer ⇒ 1 (a) traction ⇒ 1 (b) résistance ⇒ 1 (c) attrait ⇒ 1 (d) influence ⇒ 1 (e) tirer ⇒ 2 (a)-(c), 3 (a) traîner ⇒ 2 (a) arracher ⇒ 2 (d) se déchirer ⇒ 2 (e) réussir ⇒ 2 (f)

1 noun

(a) (tug, act of pulling)

∎ to give sth a pull, to give a pull on sth tirer (sur) qch;

∎ give it a hard or good pull! tirez fort!;

∎ give it one more pull tire encore un coup;

∎ we'll need a pull to get out of the mud nous aurons besoin que quelqu'un nous remorque ou nous prenne en remorque pour nous désembourber;

∎ with a pull the dog broke free le chien tira sur sa laisse et s'échappa;

∎ she felt a pull at or on her handbag elle a senti qu'on tirait sur son sac à main;

∎ I felt a pull on the fishing line ça mordait

(b) (physical force → of machine) traction f; (→ of sun, moon, magnet) (force f) d'attraction f;

∎ the winch applies a steady pull le treuil exerce une traction continue;

∎ the gravitational pull is stronger on Earth la gravitation est plus forte sur Terre;

∎ we fought against the pull of the current nous luttions contre le courant qui nous entraînait

(c) (resistance → of bowstring) résistance f;

∎ adjust the trigger if the pull is too stiff for you réglez la détente si elle est trop dure pour vous

(d) (psychological, emotional attraction) attrait m;

∎ the pull of city life l'attrait m de la vie en ville;

∎ he resisted the pull of family tradition and went his own way il a résisté à l'influence de la tradition familiale pour suivre son propre chemin

(e) familiar (influence, power) influence^□ f, piston m;

∎ to have a lot of pull avoir le bras long;

∎ he has a lot of pull with the Prime Minister il a beaucoup d'influence sur le Premier ministre;

∎ his money gives him a certain political pull son argent lui confère une certaine influence ou un certain pouvoir politique;

∎ his father's pull got him in son père l'a pistonné

(f) (prolonged effort)

∎ it'll be a long pull to the summit la montée sera longue (et difficile) pour atteindre le sommet;

∎ it will be a hard pull upstream il faudra ramer dur pour remonter le courant;

∎ it's going to be a long uphill pull to make the firm profitable ça sera difficile de remettre l'entreprise à flot

(g) (in rowing → stroke) coup m de rame ou d'aviron;

∎ with another pull he was clear of the rock d'un autre coup de rame, il évita le rocher

(h) (at cigar) bouffée f; (at drink, bottle) gorgée f;

∎ to take a pull at or on one's beer boire ou prendre une gorgée de bière;

∎ to take a pull at or on one's cigarette/pipe tirer sur sa cigarette/pipe

(i) (usu in cpds) (knob, handle) poignée f; (cord) cordon m; (strap) sangle f

(j) (snag → in sweater) accroc m;

∎ my cardigan has a pull in it j'ai fait un accroc à mon cardigan

(k) Typography épreuve f

(l) familiar

∎ to be on the pull (man) chercher à lever une nana; (woman) chercher à lever un mec

2 transitive verb

(a) (object → yank, tug) tirer; (→ drag) traîner; (person) tirer, entraîner;

∎ she pulled my hair elle m'a tiré les cheveux;

∎ to pull the blinds baisser les stores;

∎ to pull the British curtains or

∎ American drapes tirer ou fermer les rideaux;

∎ we pulled the heavy log across to the fire nous avons traîné la lourde bûche jusqu'au feu;

∎ pull the lamp towards you tirez la lampe vers vous;

∎ he pulled his chair closer to the fire il approcha sa chaise de la cheminée;

∎ she pulled the hood over her face elle abaissa le capuchon sur son visage;

∎ he pulled his hat over his eyes il enfonça ou rabattit son chapeau sur ses yeux;

∎ he pulled the steering wheel to the right il a donné un coup de volant à droite;

∎ to pull a drawer open ouvrir un tiroir;

∎ she came in and pulled the door shut behind her elle entra et ferma la porte derrière elle;

∎ pull the rope taut tendez la corde;

∎ pull the knot tight serrez le nœud;

∎ pull the tablecloth straight tendez la nappe;

∎ he pulled the wrapping from the package il arracha l'emballage du paquet;

∎ he pulled the sheets off the bed il enleva les draps du lit;

∎ she pulled her hand from mine elle retira (brusquement) sa main de la mienne;

∎ she pulled the box from his hands elle lui a arraché la boîte des mains;

∎ he was pulling her towards the exit il l'entraînait vers la sortie;

∎ he pulled her closer (to him) il l'a attirée plus près de lui;

∎ the current pulled us into the middle of the river le courant nous a entraînés au milieu de la rivière;

∎ he pulled himself onto the riverbank il se hissa sur la berge;

∎ figurative the sound of the doorbell pulled him out of his daydream le coup de sonnette l'a tiré de ou arraché à ses rêveries;

∎ figurative he was pulled off the first team on l'a écarté ou exclu de la première équipe;

∎ British familiar pull the other one (it's got bells on)! mon œil!, à d'autres!;

∎ to pull to bits or pieces (toy, appliance) démolir, mettre en morceaux; (book, flower) déchirer; figurative (book, play, person) démolir

(b) (operate → lever, handle) tirer;

∎ pull the trigger appuyez ou pressez sur la détente

(c) (tow, draw → load, trailer, carriage, boat) tirer, remorquer;

∎ carts pulled by mules des charrettes tirées par des mules;

∎ a suitcase with wheels that you pull behind you une valise à roulettes qu'on tire ou traîne derrière soi;

∎ the barges were pulled along the canals les péniches étaient halées le long des canaux

(d) (take out → tooth) arracher, extraire; (→ weeds) arracher; (→ weapon) tirer, sortir;

∎ he pulled a dollar bill from his wad/wallet il a tiré un billet d'un dollar de sa liasse/sorti un billet d'un dollar de son portefeuille;

∎ he pulled a gun on me il a braqué un revolver sur moi;

∎ to pull a cork déboucher une bouteille;

∎ to have a tooth pulled se faire arracher une dent;

∎ it was like pulling teeth c'était pénible comme tout;

∎ getting him to talk is like pulling teeth! il faut lui arracher les mots de la bouche!;

∎ familiar can you pull that file for me? pourriez-vous me sortir ce dossier?^□

(e) (strain → muscle, tendon) se déchirer;

∎ she pulled a muscle elle s'est déchiré un muscle, elle s'est fait un claquage;

∎ a pulled muscle un claquage;

∎ my shoulder feels as if I've pulled something j'ai l'impression que je me suis froissé un muscle de l'épaule

(f) familiar (bring off) réussir^□ ;

∎ she has pulled several daring financial coups elle a réussi plusieurs opérations financières audacieuses;

∎ he pulled a big bank job in Italy il a réussi un hold-up de première dans une banque italienne;

∎ to pull a trick on sb jouer un tour à qn^□ ;

∎ what are you trying to pull? qu'est-ce que tu es en train de combiner ou manigancer?^□ ;

∎ don't try and pull anything! n'essayez pas de jouer au plus malin!;

∎ don't ever pull a stunt like that again ne me/nous/ etc refais jamais un tour comme ça^□ ;

∎ to pull a fast one on sb avoir qn, rouler qn;

∎ American I pulled an all-nighter j'ai bossé toute la nuit

(g) (hold back) Horseracing

∎ to pull a horse retenir un cheval;

∎ also figurative to pull one's punches retenir ses coups, ménager son adversaire;

∎ figurative she didn't pull any punches elle n'y est pas allée de main morte

(h) (in golf, tennis → ball) puller;

∎ to pull a shot puller

(i) (in rowing → boat) faire avancer à la rame;

∎ he pulls a good oar c'est un bon rameur;

∎ the boat pulls eight oars c'est un bateau à huit avirons

(j) Typography (proof) tirer

(k) Computing extraire

(l) (gut → fowl) vider

(m) familiar (withdraw) retirer^□ ;

∎ people complained and they had to pull the commercial ils ont dû retirer la pub suite à des plaintes

(n) familiar (attract → customers, spectators) attirer^□ ;

∎ the festival pulled a big crowd le festival a attiré beaucoup de monde;

∎ how many votes will he pull? combien de voix va-t-il récolter?^□

(o) British (serve → draught beer) tirer;

∎ he pulls pints at the Crown il est barman au Crown

(p) familiar (sexual partner) lever, emballer

3 intransitive verb

(a) (exert force, tug) tirer;

∎ pull harder! tirez plus fort!;

∎ to pull on or at a rope tirer sur un cordage;

∎ the bandage may pull when I take it off le pansement risque de vous tirer la peau quand je l'enlèverai;

∎ the steering pulls to the right la direction tire à droite;

∎ Cars the 2-litre model pulls very well le modèle 2 litres a de bonnes reprises;

∎ figurative they're pulling in different directions ils tirent à hue et à dia

(b) (rope, cord)

∎ the rope pulled easily la corde filait librement

(c) (go, move)

∎ pull into the space next to the Mercedes mettez-vous ou garez-vous à côté de la Mercedes;

∎ he pulled into the right-hand lane il a pris la file de droite;

∎ pull into the garage entrez dans le garage;

∎ when the train pulls out of the station quand le train quitte la gare;

∎ she pulled clear of the pack elle s'est détachée du peloton;

∎ he pulled clear of the traffic and sped on il est sorti du flot de la circulation et a accéléré;

∎ he pulled sharply to the left il a viré brutalement sur la gauche;

∎ the lorry pulled slowly up the hill le camion gravissait lentement la côte

(d) (strain, labour → vehicle) peiner; (→ horse) tirer sur le mors;

∎ the engine's pulling le moteur fatigue ou peine

(e) familiar (exert influence, give support)

∎ the head of personnel is pulling for you or on your behalf vous avez le chef du personnel derrière vous^□

(f) (snag → sweater) filer;

∎ my sweater's pulled in a couple of places mon pull a plusieurs mailles filées

(g) (row) ramer;

∎ to pull for shore ramer vers la côte;

∎ to pull with a long stroke ramer à grands coups d'aviron

(h) familiar (find sexual partner)

∎ did you pull last night? t'as levé une nana/un mec hier soir?

►► American pull date date f limite de vente;

Marketing pull strategy stratégie f pull;

pull tab (on can) anneau m, bague f

➲ pull about separable transitive verb

(handle roughly → person) malmener; (→ object) tirer dans tous les sens, tirailler;

∎ stop pulling me about! mais lâche-moi donc!

➲ pull ahead intransitive verb

prendre de l'avance;

∎ to pull ahead of sb prendre de l'avance sur qn

➲ pull along separable transitive verb

(load, vehicle) tirer; (person) entraîner;

∎ he was pulling the suitcase along by the strap il tirait la valise derrière lui par la sangle;

∎ she pulled me along by my arm elle m'entraînait en me tirant par le bras

➲ pull apart

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (take to pieces → machine, furniture) démonter;

∎ now you've pulled it all apart, are you sure you can fix it? maintenant que tu as tout démonté, es-tu sûr de pouvoir le réparer?

(b) (destroy, break → object) mettre en morceaux ou en pièces; (→ clothing) déchirer; (body, flesh) déchiqueter;

∎ the wreck was pulled apart by the waves les vagues ont disloqué l'épave;

∎ tell him where it's hidden or he'll pull the place apart dites-lui où c'est (caché) sinon il va tout saccager

(c) (criticize → essay, performance, theory) démolir; (→ person) éreinter

(d) (separate → fighters, dogs) séparer; (→ papers) détacher, séparer

(e) (make suffer) déchirer

2 intransitive verb

(furniture) se démonter, être démontable;

∎ the shelves simply pull apart les étagères se démontent sans outils

➲ pull around separable transitive verb

(a) (cart, toy, suitcase) tirer derrière soi

(b) (make turn) tourner, faire pivoter;

∎ he pulled the horse around il fit faire demi-tour à son cheval

➲ pull at inseparable transitive verb

(a) (strain at, tug at) tirer sur;

∎ the dog pulled at the leash le chien tira sur la laisse;

∎ we pulled at the rope nous avons tiré sur la corde;

∎ I pulled at his sleeve je l'ai tiré par la manche;

∎ each pulled at an oar chacun tirait sur un aviron;

∎ the wind pulled at her hair le vent faisait voler ses cheveux

(b) (suck → pipe, cigar) tirer sur;

∎ (→ bottle) he pulled at his bottle of beer il a bu une gorgée de bière

➲ pull away

1 separable transitive verb

(withdraw → covering, hand) retirer; (grab) arracher;

∎ she pulled her hand away elle retira ou ôta sa main;

∎ he pulled me away from the window il m'éloigna de la fenêtre;

∎ she pulled the book away from him elle lui arracha le livre

2 intransitive verb

(a) (withdraw → person) s'écarter;

∎ I put out my hand but she pulled away j'ai tendu la main vers elle mais elle s'est détournée;

∎ he had me by the arm but I managed to pull away il me tenait par le bras mais j'ai réussi à me dégager

(b) (move off → vehicle, ship) démarrer; (→ train, convoy) s'ébranler;

∎ the boat pulled away from the bank le bateau quitta la rive;

∎ the train pulled away from the station le train a quitté la gare;

∎ as the train began to pull away alors que le train s'ébranlait

(c) (get ahead → runner, competitor) prendre de l'avance;

∎ she's pulling away from the pack elle prend de l'avance sur le peloton, elle se détache du peloton

➲ pull back

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (draw backwards or towards one) retirer;

∎ he pulled his hand back il retira ou ôta sa main;

∎ she pulled back the curtains elle ouvrit les rideaux;

∎ pull the lever back tirez le levier (vers l'arrière);

∎ he pulled me back from the railing il m'a éloigné de la barrière;

∎ to pull sb/a company back from the brink faire refaire surface à qn/une entreprise, tirer qn/une entreprise d'affaire

(b) (withdraw → troops) retirer

2 intransitive verb

(a) (withdraw → troops, participant) se retirer;

∎ it's too late to pull back now il est trop tard pour se retirer ou pour faire marche arrière maintenant;

∎ they pulled back from committing themselves fully ils ont renoncé à s'engager complètement

(b) (step backwards) reculer;

∎ to pull back involuntarily avoir un mouvement de recul involontaire

(c) (jib → horse, person) regimber

➲ pull down

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (lower → lever, handle) tirer (vers le bas); (→ trousers, veil) baisser; (→ suitcase, book) descendre; (→ blind, window) baisser;

∎ pull the blind/the window down baissez le store/la vitre;

∎ with his hat pulled down over his eyes son chapeau rabattu sur les yeux;

∎ she pulled her skirt down over her knees elle ramena sa jupe sur ses genoux;

∎ I pulled him down onto the chair je l'ai fait asseoir sur la chaise;

∎ he's pulling the whole team down il fait baisser le niveau de toute l'équipe;

∎ my marks in the oral exam will pull me down mes notes à l'oral vont baisser ou descendre ma moyenne

(b) (demolish → house, wall) démolir, abattre;

∎ they're pulling down the whole neighbourhood ils démolissent tout le quartier;

∎ figurative it'll pull down the government ça va renverser le gouvernement

(c) familiar (weaken → of illness) affaiblir^□, abattre^□ ; (depress) déprimer^□, abattre^□

(d) American familiar (earn) gagner^□, se faire

(e) Computing (menu) dérouler

2 intransitive verb

(blind) descendre

➲ pull in

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (line, fishing net) ramener;

∎ they pulled the rope in ils tirèrent la corde à eux;

∎ to pull sb in (into building, car) tirer qn à l'intérieur, faire entrer qn; (into water) faire tomber qn à l'eau

(b) (stomach) rentrer;

∎ to pull oneself in rentrer son ventre

(c) (attract → customers, investors, investment) attirer;

∎ the show's really pulling them in le spectacle attire les foules

(d) familiar (earn → of person) gagner^□, se faire; (→ of business) rapporter^□

(e) familiar (arrest) arrêter^□, embarquer;

∎ they pulled him in for questioning ils l'ont arrêté pour l'interroger

(f) (stop → horse) retenir, tirer les rênes de;

∎ to pull one's car in to the kerb se ranger près du trottoir;

∎ to be pulled in for speeding être arrêté pour excès de vitesse

2 intransitive verb

(vehicle, driver → stop) s'arrêter; (→ park) se garer; (→ move to side of road) se rabattre; (arrive → train) entrer en gare;

∎ I pulled in for petrol je me suis arrêté pour prendre de l'essence;

∎ the car in front pulled in to let me past la voiture devant moi s'est rabattue pour me laisser passer;

∎ pull in here arrête-toi là;

∎ to pull in to the kerb se ranger près du trottoir;

∎ the express pulled in two hours late l'express est arrivé avec deux heures de retard

➲ pull off

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (clothes, boots, ring) enlever, retirer; (cover, bandage, knob, wrapping) enlever; (page from calendar, sticky backing) détacher;

∎ to pull the sheets off the bed retirer ou enlever les draps du lit;

∎ I pulled her hat off je lui ai enlevé son chapeau; (more violently) je lui ai arraché son chapeau

(b) familiar (accomplish → deal, stratagem, mission, shot) réussir^□ ; (→ press conference, negotiations) mener à bien^□ ; (→ plan) réaliser^□ ; (→ prize) décrocher, gagner^□ ;

∎ the deal will be difficult to pull off cette affaire ne sera pas facile à négocier;

∎ will she (manage to) pull it off? est-ce qu'elle va y arriver?;

∎ he pulled it off il a réussi

(c) vulgar (masturbate)

∎ to pull sb off branler qn;

∎ to pull oneself off se branler

2 intransitive verb

(a) (move off) démarrer; (after halt) redémarrer

(b) (stop) s'arrêter; (leave main road) quitter la route;

∎ he pulled off onto a side road il bifurqua sur une petite route;

∎ there's no place to pull off il n'y a pas de place pour s'arrêter

(c) (come off)

∎ the lid simply pulls off il suffit de tirer pour enlever le couvercle;

∎ the top pulls off to reveal… le dessus se retire et on peut voir…

➲ pull on

1 separable transitive verb

(clothes, boots, pillow slip) mettre, enfiler

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (tug at → rope, handle etc) tirer sur

(b) (draw on → cigarette, pipe) tirer sur

➲ pull out

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (remove → tooth, hair, weeds) arracher; (→ splinter, nail) enlever; (→ plug, cork) ôter, enlever; (produce → wallet, weapon) sortir, tirer;

∎ she pulled a map out of her bag elle a sorti une carte de son sac;

∎ he pulled a page out of his notebook il a déchiré une feuille de son carnet;

∎ pull the paper gently out of the printer retirez doucement le papier de l'imprimante;

∎ to pull a nail out of a plank arracher un clou d'une planche;

∎ the tractor pulled us out of the mud/ditch le tracteur nous a sortis de la boue/du fossé;

∎ to pull the country out of recession (faire) sortir le pays de la récession;

∎ to pull sb out of a tight spot tirer qn d'un mauvais pas;

∎ familiar to pull out all the stops (to do sth) faire le maximum (pour faire qch)

(b) (draw towards one → drawer, leaf of table, shelf) tirer; (unfold) déplier;

∎ pull the bed out from the wall écartez le lit du mur;

∎ he pulled a chair out from under the table il a écarté une chaise de la table

(c) (withdraw → troops, contestant) retirer;

∎ the battalion was pulled out of the border area le bataillon a été retiré de la région frontalière;

∎ he threatened to pull the party out of the coalition il menaça de retirer le parti de la coalition

(d) Computing (select, produce → data) sortir

2 intransitive verb

(a) (withdraw → troops, ally, participant) se retirer; (→ company from project, buyer) se désister; (→ company from place) quitter une/la région/ville/ etc;

∎ when they pulled out of Vietnam quand ils se sont retirés du Viêt-nam;

∎ she's pulling out of the election elle retire sa candidature;

∎ they've pulled out of the deal ils se sont retirés de l'affaire

(b) (move off → car, ship) démarrer; (→ train, convoy) s'ébranler; (move out to overtake) déboîter;

∎ she was pulling out of the garage elle sortait du garage;

∎ he pulled out to overtake il a déboîté pour doubler;

∎ a truck suddenly pulled out in front of me soudain, un camion m'a coupé la route;

∎ to pull out into traffic s'engager dans la circulation;

∎ Aviation to pull out of a dive sortir d'un piqué, se rétablir

(c) (economy)

∎ to pull out of a recession/a crisis sortir de la récession/d'une crise

(d) (be extendible or detachable → drawer) s'ouvrir; (→ handle) s'allonger; (→ map) se déplier;

∎ the sofa pulls out into a bed le canapé se transforme en lit;

∎ the shelves pull out on peut retirer les étagères;

∎ the table top pulls out c'est une table à rallonges

➲ pull over

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (draw into specified position) tirer, traîner;

∎ pull the chair over to the window amenez la chaise près de la fenêtre;

∎ she pulled the dish over and helped herself elle a tiré le plat vers ou à elle et s'est servie

(b) (make fall → pile, person, table) faire tomber, renverser;

∎ watch out you don't pull that lamp over fais attention de ne pas faire tomber cette lampe

(c) (usu passive) (stop → vehicle, driver) arrêter;

∎ I got pulled over for speeding je me suis fait arrêter pour excès de vitesse

2 intransitive verb

(vehicle, driver → stop) s'arrêter; (→ move to side of road) se ranger, se rabattre;

∎ pull over and let the fire engine past rangez-vous ou rabattez-vous sur le côté et laissez passer les pompiers

➲ pull round British

1 separable transitive verb

(a) = pull around

(b) (revive) ranimer;

∎ a drop of brandy will pull her round un peu de cognac la remettra ou remontera

2 intransitive verb

(regain consciousness) revenir à soi, reprendre connaissance; (recover) se remettre

➲ pull through

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (draw through → rope, thread) faire passer;

∎ pull the needle through to the other side faites sortir l'aiguille de l'autre côté

(b) (help survive or surmount) tirer d'affaire;

∎ he says his faith pulled him through il dit que c'est sa foi qui lui a permis de s'en sortir

2 intransitive verb

(recover) s'en sortir, s'en tirer

➲ pull to separable transitive verb

(shut → door, gate) fermer

➲ pull together

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (place together, join) joindre

(b) (organize → demonstration, rescue team) organiser; (prepare) préparer;

∎ I've pulled together a few suggestions j'ai préparé ou noté quelques propositions

(c) to pull oneself together se reprendre, se ressaisir;

∎ pull yourself together! ressaisissez-vous!, ne vous laissez pas aller!

2 intransitive verb

(a) (on rope) tirer ensemble; (on oars) ramer à l'unisson;

∎ pull together! (in rowing) avant partout!

(b) (combine efforts, cooperate) concentrer ses efforts, agir de concert;

∎ we've all got to pull together on this one il faut que nous nous y mettions tous ensemble, il faut que nous nous attelions tous ensemble à la tâche

➲ pull up

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (draw upwards → trousers, sleeve, blanket, lever) remonter; (→ blind) hausser, lever; (→ skirt) retrousser, relever; (hoist oneself) hisser;

∎ they pulled the boat up onto the beach ils ont tiré le bateau sur la plage;

∎ she pulled herself up onto the ledge elle s'est hissée sur le rebord;

∎ to pull one's socks up tirer ou remonter ses chaussettes; familiar figurative se remuer, s'activer

(b) (move closer → chair) approcher;

∎ I pulled a chair up to the desk j'ai approché une chaise du bureau;

∎ why don't you pull up a chair and join us? prenez donc une chaise et joignez-vous à nous!;

∎ he pulled the crate up to the scales il a traîné la caisse jusqu'à la balance

(c) (uproot → weeds) arracher; (→ bush, stump, tree) arracher, déraciner; (rip up → floorboards) arracher

(d) (stop → person, vehicle, horse) arrêter; (check → person) retenir;

∎ to be pulled up (by the police) se faire arrêter (par un agent);

∎ his warning pulled me up short je me suis arrêté net lorsqu'il m'a crié de faire attention;

∎ he was about to tell them everything but I pulled him up (short) il était sur le point de tout leur dire mais je lui ai coupé la parole

(e) familiar (improve → score, mark) améliorer^□ ; (→ average) remonter^□ ;

∎ his good marks in maths pulled him up again ses bonnes notes en maths ont remonté sa moyenne

(f) British familiar (rebuke) réprimander^□, enguirlander;

∎ he was pulled up for being late il s'est fait enguirlander pour être arrivé en retard;

∎ if your work is sloppy, they'll pull you up on it si ton travail est bâclé, tu vas te faire taper sur les doigts

2 intransitive verb

(a) (stop) s'arrêter;

∎ as I was pulling up at the red light alors que j'allais m'arrêter au feu rouge;

∎ pull up at or outside the main entrance arrêtez-vous devant l'entrée principale;

∎ to pull up short s'arrêter net ou brusquement

(b) familiar (ease up) se détendre^□, se relâcher^□

(c) (draw even) rattraper;

∎ to pull up with sb rattraper qn;

∎ Sun Boy is pulling up on the outside! Sun Boy remonte à l'extérieur!

(d) (improve → student, athlete, performance) s'améliorer

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > pull
8 занести

1) General subject: bring, bring under (в графу, категорию и т. п.), choke up (реку песком), chronicle, contaminate (напр., инородную флору в образец)

2) Mathematics: (в список) enter

3) Automobile industry: lose traction (Her front wheels began to lose traction and she panicked. - занесло передними колесами)

4) Advertising: (в книгу) make an entry

5) Makarov: track (грязь и т.п.)

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > занести
9 outside wheel

авто

внешнее колесо, наружное колесо (в повороте)

the right-hand wheels are the outside wheels in a turn to the left — правые колёса (автомобиля) при повороте налево проходят больший путь, чем левые

This prevents wheel spin, and has the effect of transferring engine torque to the outside wheel which has more grip, thus maintaining traction and steering control. — Это предотвращает проскальзывание колёс, и имеет эффект передачи машинного крутящего момента к внешнему колесу, у которого лучшее сцепление шин с дорогой, поддерживая таким образом силу сцепления и контроль над управлением.

Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > outside wheel
10 осуществляться

. вестись; достигаться; производиться

•
Loading is direct into railroad cars.

•
Control of the welding current is by a trip-switch.

•
Transmission of power from the engine to the wheels is accomplished by the clutch.

•
Traction is effected by the winding action of the cables.

•
Routine maintenance is handled in the same way.

•
Conditions under which the test is run should be improved.

•
A program of component tests is underway.

•
Our internal communications are handled by a network with nervous and metabolic subsystems.

•
Fine control of carrier-gas pressure is achieved by...

•
The determination of position by dead reckoning is commonly performed by plotting on...

•
This reduction is most conveniently performed at the cathode.

•
Cross pollination of flowers is effected principally by bees.

•
The reaction is carried out (or conducted, or run) by the above-described mechanism.

•
Controls are exercised by the cell.

•
This substitution is realized under acidic conditions.

•
Conduction usually occurs through a metallic wall.

•
The manufacture of dyes proceeds from simple raw materials.

Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > осуществляться
11 пробуксовывать

1) Colloquial: be stuck (Реформы буксуют. The reforms are stuck.; не получаться, не удаваться, не идти (о реформах и т.п.) to fail to achieve the desired results despite efforts), spin tires, spin wheels, tread water

2) Engineering: slip

3) Sakhalin energy glossary: fail to gain traction

4) Polymers: skid

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > пробуксовывать
12 муфта

( кабеля) box, clutch, joint, muff, socket, sleeve, thimble, ( трубопровода) union

* * *
му́фта ж.
1. ( соединительная для валов) (shaft) coupling; ( соединительная для труб) (pipe) coupling; ( глухая компенсирующая для валов) coupling

му́фта закреплена́ на валу́ шпо́нкой — a coupling is keyed to the shaft

му́фта компенси́рует радиа́льные или угловы́е смеще́ния вало́в — a coupling connects shafts misaligned laterally or angularly

наса́живать му́фту на вал — slip a coupling over a shaft

2. ( сцепная или управляемая для валов) clutch

включа́ть му́фту принуди́тельно — force a clutch into engagement

3. ( кабельная) box, head, sleeve

вертлю́жная му́фта — swivel union

винтова́я му́фта — threaded sleeve

винтова́я, стяжна́я му́фта — turn-buckle

му́фта включе́ния механи́зма пода́чи — feed clutch

враща́ющаяся му́фта — swivel union

вту́лочная му́фта — sleeve coupling

вту́лочная, концева́я му́фта — end sleeve

вту́лочно-па́льцевая му́фта — coupling with rubber-bushed studs

гидравли́ческая му́фта — hydraulic [fluid] coupling; hydraulic clutch

гидродинами́ческая му́фта — fluid coupling

глуха́я му́фта — rigid coupling

глуха́я му́фта тре́бует то́чного совмеще́ния осе́й вало́в — a rigid coupling may be used only on shafts which are perfectly aligned

двухко́нусная му́фта — double-cone clutch

ди́сковая му́фта ( разновидность управляемой фрикционной муфты) — disk clutch

му́фта для сме́ны валко́в — roll changing sleeve

жё́сткая му́фта — rigid [sleeve-type] coupling

жё́сткая, компенси́рующая му́фта — fast flexible coupling

жё́сткая, некомпенси́рующая му́фта — rigid [sleeve-type] coupling

жи́дкостная му́фта

1. hydraulic [fluid] coupling

2. hydraulic clutch

зубча́тая му́фта ( разновидность компенсирующей муфты) — tooth-type [gear-type] (flexible) coupling

ка́бельная му́фта — cable box, cable head, cable sleeve

ка́бельная, концева́я му́фта — cable sealing box, cable sealing end, cable terminator, cable shoe

ка́бельная, ма́чтовая му́фта — pothead

ка́бельная, проходна́я му́фта — straight(-through) joint

ка́бельная, соедини́тельная му́фта — cable connector, cable coupler, cable joint box, cable (jointing) sleeve

компенси́рующая му́фта — flexible coupling

кони́ческая му́фта ( разновидность управляемой муфты) — cone clutch

ко́нусная му́фта — cone clutch

кресто́вая му́фта — double-slider [Oldham] coupling

кресто́вая му́фта с промежу́точным ди́ском — cross-sliding coupling

кулачко́вая му́фта ( разновидность муфты сцепления или управляемой) — jaw clutch

кулачко́вая му́фта с прямоуго́льными кулачка́ми ( муфта сцепления или управляемая муфта) — square-jaw clutch

кулачко́вая му́фта с трапецеида́льными кулачка́ми ( разновидность управляемой муфты) — spiral-jaw clutch

кулачко́во-ди́сковая му́фта ( разновидность постоянной соединительной муфты) — double-slider [Oldham] coupling

ламе́льная му́фта — plate [disk] coupling

ле́нточная му́фта — band clutch

магни́тная му́фта — magnetic clutch

многоди́сковая му́фта ( разновидность управляемой фрикционной муфты) — multidisk clutch

многотаре́льчатая му́фта — multidisk clutch

неразъё́мная му́фта — fixed coupling

нерасцепна́я му́фта — sleeve-type clutch

нереверси́вная му́фта — non-reversible clutch

обго́нная му́фта — overrunning [free-wheel] clutch

обго́нная му́фта замыка́ется в одно́м направле́нии и размыва́ется в обра́тном — an overrunning clutch engages in one direction and free-wheels in the other

одноди́сковая му́фта — single-disk clutch

му́фта отбо́ра мо́щности — power take-off coupling

ответви́тельная му́фта — tee [branch] joint, tee connection

па́льцевая му́фта — bolt [pin] coupling

перехо́дная му́фта — adapter

пла́вающая му́фта — double-slider [Oldham] coupling

пласти́нчатая му́фта — plate [disk] coupling

пневмати́ческая му́фта — pneumatic coupling

поводко́вая му́фта — quill driver

подви́жная му́фта — movable coupling

попере́чно-свё́ртная му́фта — flange coupling

постоя́нная му́фта — fixed [permanent] coupling

му́фта преде́льного моме́нта — torque-limiting clutch

предохрани́тельная му́фта — safety clutch

предохрани́тельная му́фта со срезны́м штифто́м — shearing clutch

продо́льно-свё́ртная му́фта — ribbed-clamp coupling

му́фта прока́тного валка́, соедини́тельная — coupling box

му́фта прока́тного валка́, тре́фовая — coupling box

пружи́нная му́фта

1. spring coupling

2. coil clutch

пряма́я му́фта — straight pipe coupling

раздвижна́я му́фта — extension coupling

разрезна́я му́фта — split coupling

расцепна́я му́фта — disengaging clutch

реверси́вная му́фта — reversing clutch

резьбова́я му́фта ( трубная) — threaded sleeve

самоуправля́емая му́фта — automatic clutch

самоустана́вливающаяся му́фта — self-aligning coupling

свё́ртная му́фта — clamp shaft [flanged] coupling

му́фта свобо́дного хо́да — overrunning [freewheel] clutch

сго́нная му́фта — pipe connector

му́фта скольже́ния — slip clutch (по советской классификации охватывает hydraulic coupling и eddy-current clutch)

му́фта с натяжно́й ле́нтой — band clutch

соедини́тельная му́фта — muff, sleeve coupling, union, coupler

соедини́тельная, зажи́мная му́фта — clamp sleeve

соедини́тельная, постоя́нная му́фта — coupling

соедини́тельная, постоя́нная жё́сткая му́фта — rigid coupling

спира́льно-кулачко́вая му́фта — spiral jaw clutch

му́фта с раздвижны́ми коло́дками — block clutch

стержнева́я му́фта — pin [bar] coupling

стяжна́я му́фта — turn-buckle

му́фта сцепле́ния — clutch

му́фта сцепле́ния, пневмати́ческая — air clutch

му́фта сцепле́ния с гидроуправле́нием — hydraulic-actuated clutch

му́фта сцепле́ния с накло́нными зубца́ми — bevelled-claw clutch

му́фта сцепле́ния, центробе́жная — centrifugal clutch

таре́льчатая му́фта — plate [disk] clutch

му́фта тре́ния

1. friction coupling

2. friction clutch

тре́фовая му́фта прок. — wobbler (coupling)

тройнико́вая му́фта — I-joint

тру́бная му́фта — pipe [tube] coupling

тя́говая му́фта — traction clutch

углова́я му́фта ( трубная) — conduit elbow

управля́емая му́фта — clutch

управля́емая му́фта обеспе́чивает разъедине́ние вало́в во вре́мя рабо́ты — a clutch (is a coupling which) permits the disengagement of the coupled shafts during operation

упру́гая му́фта — elastic [flexible] coupling

ферропорошко́вая, жи́дкостная му́фта — fluid magnetic clutch

ферропорошко́вая, суха́я му́фта — dry powder magnetic clutch

фла́нцевая му́фта — flange coupling

фрикцио́нная му́фта

1. friction coupling

2. friction clutch

фрикцио́нная, предохрани́тельная му́фта — slipping clutch

храпова́я му́фта — jaw clutch

центробе́жная му́фта — expanding clutch

шарни́рная му́фта — articulated [joint] coupling

шарни́рная, асинхро́нная му́фта — universal joint coupling

шаровая́ му́фта — ball socket

шестерё́нная му́фта — gear coupling

штифтова́я му́фта — bolt [pin] coupling

штыкова́я му́фта — bayonet socket

электроиндукцио́нная му́фта — eddy-current clutch

электромагни́тная му́фта — electromagnetic clutch

* * *

clutch

Русско-английский политехнический словарь > муфта
13 заключать договор с

Заключать договор с
Some 40 or 50 separate contracts are placed with manufacturers for each batch of rolling stock, for such items as car bodies, trucks, wheels, axle boxes, traction motors, etc.

In February 1980, the Department of Energy contracted with Rocketdyne to conduct the necessary research.

Rocketdyne is under contract to the Department of Energy for the development of heat exchanger technology.

Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > заключать договор с
14 Lartigue, Charles François Marie-Thérèse

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives

[br]

b. 1834 Toulouse, France d. 1907

[br]

French engineer and businessman, inventor of the Lartigue monorail.

[br]

Lartigue worked as a civil engineer in Algeria and while there invented a simple monorail for industrial or agricultural use. It comprised a single rail carried on trestles; vehicles comprised a single wheel with two tubs suspended either side, like panniers. These were pushed or pulled by hand or, occasionally, hauled by mule. Such lines were used in Algerian esparto-grass plantations.

In 1882 he patented a monorail system based on this arrangement, with important improvements: traction was to be mechanical; vehicles were to have two or four wheels and to be able to be coupled together; and the trestles were to have, on each side, a light guide rail upon which horizontal rollers beneath the vehicles would bear. Early in 1883 the Lartigue Railway Construction Company was formed in London and two experimental prototype monorails were subsequently demonstrated in public. One, at the Paris Agricultural Exhibition, had an electric locomotive that was built in two parts, one either side of the rail to maintain balance, hauling small wagons. The other prototype, in London, had a small, steam locomotive with two vertical boilers and was designed by Anatole Mallet. By now Lartigue had become associated with F.B. Behr. Behr was Managing Director of the construction company and of the Listowel \& Ballybunion Railway Company, which obtained an Act of Parliament in 1886 to built a Lartigue monorail railway in the South West of Ireland between those two places. Its further development and successful operation are described in the article on Behr in this volume.

A much less successful attempt to establish a Lartigue monorail railway took place in France, in the départment of Loire. In 1888 the council of the département agreed to a proposal put forward by Lartigue for a 10 1/2 mile (17 km) long monorail between the towns of Feurs and Panissières: the agreement was reached on the casting vote of the Chairman, a contact of Lartigue. A concession was granted to successive companies with which Lartigue was closely involved, but construction of the line was attended by muddle, delay and perhaps fraud, although it was completed sufficiently for trial trains to operate. The locomotive had two horizontal boilers, one either side of the track. But the inspectors of the department found deficiencies in the completeness and probable safety of the railway; when they did eventually agree to opening on a limited scale, the company claimed to have insufficient funds to do so unless monies owed by the department were paid. In the end the concession was forfeited and the line dismantled. More successful was an electrically operated Lartigue mineral line built at mines in the eastern Pyrenees.

It appears to have reused equipment from the electric demonstration line, with modifications, and included gradients as steep as 1 in 12. There was no generating station: descending trains generated the electricity to power ascending ones. This line is said to have operated for at least two years.

[br]

Bibliography

1882, French patent no. 149,301 (monorail system). 1882, British patent no. 2,764 (monorail system).

Further Reading

D.G.Tucker, 1984, "F.B.Behr's development of the Lartigue monorail", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 55 (describes Lartigue and his work).

P.H.Chauffort and J.-L.Largier, 1981, "Le monorail de Feurs à Panissières", Chemin defer régionaux et urbains (magazine of the Fédération des Amis des Chemins de Fer

Secondaires) 164 (in French; describes Lartigue and his work).

See also: Brennan, Louis; Palmer, Henry Robinson

PJGR

Biographical history of technology > Lartigue, Charles François Marie-Thérèse
15 Stephenson, George

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives

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b. 9 June 1781 Wylam, Northumberland, England

d. 12 August 1848 Tapton House, Chesterfield, England

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English engineer, "the father of railways".

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George Stephenson was the son of the fireman of the pumping engine at Wylam colliery, and horses drew wagons of coal along the wooden rails of the Wylam wagonway past the house in which he was born and spent his earliest childhood. While still a child he worked as a cowherd, but soon moved to working at coal pits. At 17 years of age he showed sufficient mechanical talent to be placed in charge of a new pumping engine, and had already achieved a job more responsible than that of his father. Despite his position he was still illiterate, although he subsequently learned to read and write. He was largely self-educated.

In 1801 he was appointed Brakesman of the winding engine at Black Callerton pit, with responsibility for lowering the miners safely to their work. Then, about two years later, he became Brakesman of a new winding engine erected by Robert Hawthorn at Willington Quay on the Tyne. Returning collier brigs discharged ballast into wagons and the engine drew the wagons up an inclined plane to the top of "Ballast Hill" for their contents to be tipped; this was one of the earliest applications of steam power to transport, other than experimentally.

In 1804 Stephenson moved to West Moor pit, Killingworth, again as Brakesman. In 1811 he demonstrated his mechanical skill by successfully modifying a new and unsatisfactory atmospheric engine, a task that had defeated the efforts of others, to enable it to pump a drowned pit clear of water. The following year he was appointed Enginewright at Killingworth, in charge of the machinery in all the collieries of the "Grand Allies", the prominent coal-owning families of Wortley, Liddell and Bowes, with authorization also to work for others. He built many stationary engines and he closely examined locomotives of John Blenkinsop's type on the Kenton \& Coxlodge wagonway, as well as those of William Hedley at Wylam.

It was in 1813 that Sir Thomas Liddell requested George Stephenson to build a steam locomotive for the Killingworth wagonway: Blucher made its first trial run on 25 July 1814 and was based on Blenkinsop's locomotives, although it lacked their rack-and-pinion drive. George Stephenson is credited with building the first locomotive both to run on edge rails and be driven by adhesion, an arrangement that has been the conventional one ever since. Yet Blucher was far from perfect and over the next few years, while other engineers ignored the steam locomotive, Stephenson built a succession of them, each an improvement on the last.

During this period many lives were lost in coalmines from explosions of gas ignited by miners' lamps. By observation and experiment (sometimes at great personal risk) Stephenson invented a satisfactory safety lamp, working independently of the noted scientist Sir Humphry Davy who also invented such a lamp around the same time.

In 1817 George Stephenson designed his first locomotive for an outside customer, the Kilmarnock \& Troon Railway, and in 1819 he laid out the Hetton Colliery Railway in County Durham, for which his brother Robert was Resident Engineer. This was the first railway to be worked entirely without animal traction: it used inclined planes with stationary engines, self-acting inclined planes powered by gravity, and locomotives.

On 19 April 1821 Stephenson was introduced to Edward Pease, one of the main promoters of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway (S \& DR), which by coincidence received its Act of Parliament the same day. George Stephenson carried out a further survey, to improve the proposed line, and in this he was assisted by his 18-year-old son, Robert Stephenson, whom he had ensured received the theoretical education which he himself lacked. It is doubtful whether either could have succeeded without the other; together they were to make the steam railway practicable.

At George Stephenson's instance, much of the S \& DR was laid with wrought-iron rails recently developed by John Birkinshaw at Bedlington Ironworks, Morpeth. These were longer than cast-iron rails and were not brittle: they made a track well suited for locomotives. In June 1823 George and Robert Stephenson, with other partners, founded a firm in Newcastle upon Tyne to build locomotives and rolling stock and to do general engineering work: after its Managing Partner, the firm was called Robert Stephenson \& Co.

In 1824 the promoters of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) invited George Stephenson to resurvey their proposed line in order to reduce opposition to it. William James, a wealthy land agent who had become a visionary protagonist of a national railway network and had seen Stephenson's locomotives at Killingworth, had promoted the L \& MR with some merchants of Liverpool and had carried out the first survey; however, he overreached himself in business and, shortly after the invitation to Stephenson, became bankrupt. In his own survey, however, George Stephenson lacked the assistance of his son Robert, who had left for South America, and he delegated much of the detailed work to incompetent assistants. During a devastating Parliamentary examination in the spring of 1825, much of his survey was shown to be seriously inaccurate and the L \& MR's application for an Act of Parliament was refused. The railway's promoters discharged Stephenson and had their line surveyed yet again, by C.B. Vignoles.

The Stockton \& Darlington Railway was, however, triumphantly opened in the presence of vast crowds in September 1825, with Stephenson himself driving the locomotive Locomotion, which had been built at Robert Stephenson \& Co.'s Newcastle works. Once the railway was at work, horse-drawn and gravity-powered traffic shared the line with locomotives: in 1828 Stephenson invented the horse dandy, a wagon at the back of a train in which a horse could travel over the gravity-operated stretches, instead of trotting behind.

Meanwhile, in May 1826, the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway had successfully obtained its Act of Parliament. Stephenson was appointed Engineer in June, and since he and Vignoles proved incompatible the latter left early in 1827. The railway was built by Stephenson and his staff, using direct labour. A considerable controversy arose c. 1828 over the motive power to be used: the traffic anticipated was too great for horses, but the performance of the reciprocal system of cable haulage developed by Benjamin Thompson appeared in many respects superior to that of contemporary locomotives. The company instituted a prize competition for a better locomotive and the Rainhill Trials were held in October 1829.

Robert Stephenson had been working on improved locomotive designs since his return from America in 1827, but it was the L \& MR's Treasurer, Henry Booth, who suggested the multi-tubular boiler to George Stephenson. This was incorporated into a locomotive built by Robert Stephenson for the trials: Rocket was entered by the three men in partnership. The other principal entrants were Novelty, entered by John Braithwaite and John Ericsson, and Sans Pareil, entered by Timothy Hackworth, but only Rocket, driven by George Stephenson, met all the organizers' demands; indeed, it far surpassed them and demonstrated the practicability of the long-distance steam railway. With the opening of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway in 1830, the age of railways began.

Stephenson was active in many aspects. He advised on the construction of the Belgian State Railway, of which the Brussels-Malines section, opened in 1835, was the first all-steam railway on the European continent. In England, proposals to link the L \& MR with the Midlands had culminated in an Act of Parliament for the Grand Junction Railway in 1833: this was to run from Warrington, which was already linked to the L \& MR, to Birmingham. George Stephenson had been in charge of the surveys, and for the railway's construction he and J.U. Rastrick were initially Principal Engineers, with Stephenson's former pupil Joseph Locke under them; by 1835 both Stephenson and Rastrick had withdrawn and Locke was Engineer-in-Chief. Stephenson remained much in demand elsewhere: he was particularly associated with the construction of the North Midland Railway (Derby to Leeds) and related lines. He was active in many other places and carried out, for instance, preliminary surveys for the Chester \& Holyhead and Newcastle \& Berwick Railways, which were important links in the lines of communication between London and, respectively, Dublin and Edinburgh.

He eventually retired to Tapton House, Chesterfield, overlooking the North Midland. A man who was self-made (with great success) against colossal odds, he was ever reluctant, regrettably, to give others their due credit, although in retirement, immensely wealthy and full of honour, he was still able to mingle with people of all ranks.

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Principal Honours and Distinctions

President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, on its formation in 1847. Order of Leopold (Belgium) 1835. Stephenson refused both a knighthood and Fellowship of the Royal Society.

Bibliography

1815, jointly with Ralph Dodd, British patent no. 3,887 (locomotive drive by connecting rods directly to the wheels).

1817, jointly with William Losh, British patent no. 4,067 (steam springs for locomotives, and improvements to track).

Further Reading

L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, Longman (the best modern biography; includes a bibliography).

S.Smiles, 1874, The Lives of George and Robert Stephenson, rev. edn, London (although sycophantic, this is probably the best nineteenthcentury biography).

PJGR

Biographical history of technology > Stephenson, George

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